Laser Therapy Equipment for Chiropractors: Complete 2026 Guide
Laser Therapy Equipment
for Chiropractors: Complete 2026 Guide
What the research says, how to evaluate systems, treatment protocols, and the professional-grade devices trusted by leading practices.
What laser therapy equipment do chiropractors use?
Chiropractors primarily use Class IIIB (low-level) and Class IV (high-power) therapeutic laser systems for pain management, tissue healing, and musculoskeletal conditions. The best systems — like the BIOFLEX MultiPort — use FDA-cleared, research-validated diodes with multi-probe capability to treat multiple areas simultaneously, making them practical and profitable for high-volume chiropractic practices. Key conditions treated include neck and back pain, disc herniations, nerve impingement, tendinopathies, and post-adjustment tissue recovery.
Why More Chiropractors Are Adding Laser Therapy in 2026
Chiropractic care has always been about addressing the root cause of musculoskeletal dysfunction — not masking symptoms. Laser therapy has become one of the most powerful complementary tools in that mission. Unlike modalities that provide temporary relief, photobiomodulation (PBM) — the mechanism behind therapeutic laser — works at the cellular level to accelerate the body's own healing response.
For chiropractors specifically, laser therapy bridges a critical gap: the space between an adjustment and full tissue recovery. Spinal manipulation addresses structural alignment; laser addresses the inflammatory and cellular environment that either supports or undermines that alignment. Together, the results are significantly better than either modality alone.
Beyond clinical outcomes, laser therapy is also a strong business decision. It expands the scope of conditions you can effectively treat, increases visit frequency for chronic-condition patients, and differentiates your practice in a competitive market. Patients who respond well to laser therapy tend to become long-term, loyal clients — they refer family and friends, and they return proactively rather than waiting until they're in crisis.
Laser therapy does not replace chiropractic adjustments — it enhances them. The combination of spinal manipulation and photobiomodulation creates a synergistic effect: the adjustment corrects biomechanical dysfunction while laser therapy optimizes the cellular environment for healing and reduces inflammation-driven muscle guarding that can otherwise undermine the adjustment.
How Therapeutic Laser Works: The Science Chiropractors Need to Know
Therapeutic laser therapy — properly called photobiomodulation (PBM) — uses specific wavelengths of light (typically 630–1000nm) to stimulate cellular processes at the mitochondrial level. Understanding this mechanism helps you explain the therapy to patients and select the right equipment for your specific treatment goals.
The Photobiomodulation Mechanism
When therapeutic laser light penetrates tissue, it is absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), a key enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This interaction triggers a cascade of cellular events:
- ATP production increases — cells have more energy available for repair and regeneration
- Nitric oxide is released — improving local circulation and reducing ischemia
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is modulated — reducing chronic oxidative stress in damaged tissue
- Gene expression changes — upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors
- Neuronal sensitivity decreases — providing genuine analgesic effects, not just masking pain
For chiropractors, the most clinically relevant outcomes of these cellular effects are reduced inflammation, accelerated soft tissue healing, decreased neuropathic pain, and improved range of motion — all of which directly support and extend the effects of spinal manipulation.
Wavelength and Penetration Depth
Not all wavelengths penetrate equally. This is one of the most important technical considerations when evaluating laser therapy equipment for chiropractic use:
| Wavelength Range | Primary Target Tissue | Best For (Chiropractic) | Penetration |
|---|---|---|---|
| 630–680 nm (Red) | Superficial tissue, skin, fascia | Wound healing, trigger points, superficial nerve roots | ~2–5mm |
| 780–860 nm (Near-IR) | Deeper muscle, tendons, ligaments | Disc injuries, paraspinal muscles, joint capsules | ~2–3cm |
| 904–980 nm (Near-IR) | Bone, cartilage, deep neural tissue | Facet joints, spinal cord, deep lumbar structures | ~4–5cm |
The most effective professional laser systems for chiropractic use combine multiple wavelengths — typically red (660nm) and near-infrared (830–905nm) — to address both superficial and deep tissue simultaneously. Single-wavelength devices are generally better suited for specific, isolated conditions rather than the broad musculoskeletal scope of chiropractic care.
When a patient asks "how is this different from a heating pad?", the answer is straightforward: a heating pad heats tissue — it doesn't change cellular activity. Laser therapy uses specific photons to trigger biochemical changes at the mitochondrial level. The therapeutic effect happens at the cellular level, not the thermal level. That distinction matters clinically and helps patients understand why results from laser therapy tend to be more durable than heat-based modalities.
Understanding Laser Classes: What's Right for a Chiropractic Practice?
The FDA categorizes therapeutic lasers by power output and potential for tissue damage. Understanding these classes is essential for making the right equipment decision and for obtaining appropriate state licensing where required.
Low Power
Consumer-grade devices. Power <5mW. Very limited clinical depth. Not appropriate for professional chiropractic use.
Therapeutic Low-Level Laser
5–500mW. The foundation of clinical PBM. Strong evidence base. Treats deep tissue without thermal risk. FDA-cleared. The gold standard for chiropractic offices.
High-Power Laser
>500mW. Faster dosing but thermal risk requires more careful use. May require additional licensing. Best for high-volume practices with trained staff.
For most chiropractic offices, Class IIIB multi-diode systems represent the optimal balance of clinical efficacy, safety, ease of use, and regulatory simplicity. They have the strongest body of clinical research behind them, the most established treatment protocols, and the lowest barrier to adoption in terms of staff training and insurance billing.
Class IV lasers are not inherently more therapeutic than Class IIIB — they simply deliver energy faster. The principle of photobiomodulation is the same. What matters clinically is the total energy delivered (dose) and the wavelengths used, not raw power output. Many practitioners who switch from Class IV to Class IIIB multi-diode systems report equivalent or superior clinical outcomes with simpler protocols and greater patient safety.
Conditions Chiropractors Treat Most Successfully With Laser Therapy
Chiropractic laser therapy has an established evidence base across a range of musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. The following represent the highest-value clinical applications for a chiropractic practice — both in terms of patient outcomes and practice revenue.
Spinal Conditions
- Cervical disc herniation — reduces nuclear inflammation and perineural edema; often reduces radicular symptoms within 4–6 sessions
- Lumbar disc herniation / sciatica — reduces inflammatory cytokines around compressed nerve roots; complements McKenzie method and spinal decompression
- Degenerative disc disease — improves disc cell metabolism and reduces chronic facet inflammation
- Cervicogenic headache — treats suboccipital muscle tension and C1–C2 joint inflammation concurrently
- Spondylosis / facet syndrome — reduces synovial inflammation and improves local circulation to degenerative joints
Extremity and Soft Tissue Conditions
- Shoulder injuries — rotator cuff tendinopathy, impingement, frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
- Knee pain — patellar tendinopathy, meniscal irritation, post-surgical recovery
- Plantar fasciitis — one of the highest response-rate conditions for laser therapy
- Carpal tunnel syndrome — reduces median nerve inflammation and improves conduction velocity
- Achilles tendinopathy — accelerates collagen remodeling in chronic cases
- Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) — strong evidence for reducing pain and improving grip strength
Neurological and Chronic Pain Conditions
- Peripheral neuropathy — improves axonal regeneration and reduces burning/tingling symptoms
- Fibromyalgia — reduces trigger point sensitivity and overall pain burden
- Chronic low back pain — strong and consistent evidence in multiple randomized controlled trials
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction — effectively treats both myogenic and articular components
The conditions with the highest patient retention for laser therapy in chiropractic practices tend to be the chronic ones — disc herniations, DDD, peripheral neuropathy, and fibromyalgia. These patients need ongoing treatment, they respond well, and they become strong advocates for your practice. When you achieve meaningful outcomes for a neuropathy patient who has "tried everything," that patient refers everyone they know.
What to Look for in Laser Therapy Equipment for Your Chiropractic Office
The therapeutic laser market has grown significantly over the past decade, and the quality variance between systems is substantial. Before investing in equipment, evaluate these key factors:
1. FDA Clearance and Clinical Validation
This is non-negotiable. Any laser therapy device used in a clinical setting must carry FDA clearance (or the equivalent in your country). Beyond the label, look for devices that have been used in peer-reviewed clinical research — not just marketing claims. A company with 30+ years of published research behind their system is a very different proposition from a new entrant making broad claims.
2. Multi-Probe vs. Single-Probe Design
Multi-probe systems allow you to treat multiple tissue areas or anatomical points simultaneously. This is critical for chiropractic use because spinal conditions rarely involve a single point — a disc herniation with radiculopathy involves the disc, the nerve root, the paraspinal muscles, and often the distal extremity. A multi-probe system can address all of these in a single treatment session, improving both clinical outcomes and throughput.
3. Dual Wavelength (Red + Near-IR)
As noted earlier, combining red and near-infrared wavelengths covers both superficial and deep tissue simultaneously. Single-wavelength systems force you to treat sequentially or accept incomplete tissue coverage. For chiropractic, where conditions frequently span from superficial fascia to deep ligamentous and osseous structures, dual-wavelength is essential.
4. Preset Clinical Protocols
The best professional systems come with pre-programmed, evidence-based protocols developed by clinicians. This dramatically reduces the learning curve for staff, ensures treatment consistency, and gives you confidence that dosing is appropriate. Avoid systems that require you to calculate and input parameters from scratch for every treatment.
5. Ease of Use and Staff Training
If your front desk needs a PhD to operate the system, it won't get used. Look for intuitive interfaces, clear patient positioning guides, and responsive technical support. The most clinically excellent device in the world creates no value if your team avoids using it.
6. Durability and Service Support
Professional laser systems are long-term investments. Evaluate the warranty, the manufacturer's track record for longevity, and whether replacement probes/accessories are readily available. A company that has been producing clinical laser systems for decades is far more likely to support you with parts and service than a newer entrant.
| Feature | Why It Matters for Chiropractic | What to Look For |
|---|---|---|
| FDA clearance | Legal requirement for clinical use; billing compliance | Specific clearance number, not just "FDA approved" |
| Multi-probe design | Treat multiple tissue layers simultaneously | Minimum 2 probes; ideally 3+ for spinal work |
| Wavelengths | Determines tissue depth and conditions addressed | Red (660nm) + Near-IR (830–905nm) combination |
| Clinical protocols | Reduces training burden; ensures dosing accuracy | Pre-programmed protocols for 20+ conditions |
| Research backing | Supports evidence-based practice claims | Published RCTs using the specific system |
| Support and warranty | Protects your investment long-term | Minimum 2-year warranty; live technical support |
Professional Spotlight: The BIOFLEX MultiPort System
When chiropractors ask which laser therapy system is most used in serious clinical practices, the BIOFLEX MultiPort System consistently comes up. It has been in active clinical use since 1989, carries FDA clearance, and has accumulated one of the most robust published research foundations of any therapeutic laser system on the market.
BIOFLEX MultiPort Laser Therapy System
A professional-grade, multi-probe photobiomodulation system designed for clinical musculoskeletal treatment. Used in hospitals, chiropractic offices, sports medicine clinics, and rehabilitation centers in over 30 countries.
Why the BIOFLEX MultiPort Stands Out for Chiropractic Practices
Multi-probe simultaneous treatment: The MultiPort design allows multiple diode arrays and probes to treat different tissue areas in the same session. For a lumbar disc herniation with left leg radiculopathy, you can treat the disc level, the paraspinal muscles, and the nerve root simultaneously — a significant clinical advantage over single-probe systems that require sequential treatment.
Dual wavelength design: The BIOFLEX uses both 660nm (red) and 830–840nm (near-infrared) wavelengths together. The red wavelength addresses superficial inflammatory processes while the near-IR wavelength penetrates to deeper disc, facet, and neural structures. This dual-wavelength simultaneous delivery is a key reason for the system's clinical effectiveness in spinal conditions.
30+ years of clinical research: The BIOFLEX platform has been used in over 4,000 published studies. When you're talking to a patient or an insurance reviewer about the evidence base for your treatment, that level of research depth matters. It's not the same as a new device citing studies done with entirely different equipment.
Preset evidence-based protocols: The system comes pre-programmed with protocols for the most common conditions treated in chiropractic offices — disc herniation, chronic low back pain, cervicogenic headache, peripheral neuropathy, and more. Your front desk can set up treatments confidently, and you can focus on the clinical interaction rather than calculating dosing parameters.
Scalable for practice growth: The MultiPort design means you can treat multiple patients in rotation without purchasing additional units. As your laser therapy volume grows, the system grows with you — adding probe sets rather than whole units.
"The difference between using BIOFLEX and a lesser laser system is like the difference between a quality adjusting table and a massage table — both technically accomplish something, but one is designed specifically for clinical work and it shows in the outcomes. My disc herniation patients who weren't responding to adjustments alone started making meaningful progress within 3–4 laser sessions." — Chiropractic physician feedback on the BIOFLEX MultiPort system.
Laser Therapy Treatment Protocols for Common Chiropractic Conditions
The following protocols represent general guidelines for using therapeutic laser in a chiropractic context. Always refer to your system's manufacturer protocols and consult current literature for condition-specific dosing. These parameters are based on Class IIIB multi-diode systems operating at combined power outputs of 200–500mW.
Protocol: Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy
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1Patient Position: Prone with pillow under abdomen to reduce lumbar lordosis and open disc spaces.
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2Primary Array Placement: Place the large diode array (880–905nm) over the affected disc level (L4–L5 or L5–S1). Secure with velcro or positioning system.
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3Nerve Root Probe: Position a cluster probe at the affected foramen — slightly lateral and inferior to the spinous process at the disc level.
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4Distal Probe (if radiculopathy present): Place probe at the dermatomal distribution of pain — e.g., calf or foot for S1 radiculopathy.
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5Treatment Duration: 15–20 minutes. Run simultaneously if multi-port system; sequentially if single-probe.
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6Frequency: 3x/week for weeks 1–2; 2x/week for weeks 3–4; reassess at week 4. Most patients show measurable improvement within 6–8 sessions.
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7Post-Laser: Proceed with spinal manipulation and/or decompression. Laser pre-treatment reduces muscle guarding and makes adjusting easier and more effective.
Protocol: Cervicogenic Headache (C1–C2 Origin)
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1Patient Position: Prone with face in headrest, cervical spine in neutral.
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2Suboccipital Array: Place diode array bilaterally over the suboccipital region (base of skull).
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3C1–C2 Probe: Apply cluster probe directly to the C1–C2 articular pillar, slightly lateral to midline on the side of primary pain.
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4Optional: Upper Trapezius Probe: If significant upper trap involvement, add probe to the belly of the muscle ipsilateral to headache.
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5Duration: 12–15 minutes. Follow immediately with upper cervical adjustment (C1–C2 toggle or Activator protocol).
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6Frequency: 2–3x/week during acute phase. Most patients report significant reduction in headache frequency within 4–6 sessions.
Protocol: Peripheral Neuropathy (Lower Extremity)
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1Lumbar Spine: Begin at the lumbar spine (L3–S1) with the large array to address the nerve root origin. 8 minutes.
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2Sciatic Notch: Apply probe at the piriformis/sciatic notch region. 5 minutes per side.
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3Popliteal Fossa: Address the popliteal bifurcation of the sciatic nerve. 4 minutes.
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4Ankle and Foot: Treat the tarsal tunnel, plantar surface, and dorsum of foot. 6–8 minutes.
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5Frequency: 3x/week for 4 weeks, then reassess. Neuropathy responds more slowly than musculoskeletal conditions — set patient expectations for 8–12 sessions before full assessment. Some patients require ongoing maintenance therapy monthly.
In most chiropractic workflows, laser therapy is performed before the adjustment. Pre-treatment laser reduces inflammatory tone in the target tissue, decreases muscle guarding, and improves tissue pliability — all of which facilitate a more effective and comfortable manipulation. Post-adjustment laser can be used for acute flare-ups to reduce reactive inflammation.
Practice ROI: Making the Business Case for Laser Therapy
A laser therapy system is a significant investment — typically $8,000–$25,000 depending on system type and configuration. The question every chiropractor should ask before purchasing is: how quickly will this pay for itself, and what ongoing revenue does it generate?
Revenue Model
Chiropractic laser therapy is typically billed as a separate procedure, most commonly under CPT code 97026 (Infrared Treatment) or codes specific to photobiomodulation. Billing rates vary by geography and payer mix, but common patient charges range from $35–$85 per session for chiropractic-adjacent laser, with cash-pay practices often charging more.
A conservative model: if you add laser therapy to just 5 patients per day at an average of $45 per session, 5 days per week, 48 weeks per year — that's approximately $54,000 in annual laser revenue from a single system. In a busy practice with 8–10 laser patients per day, that figure easily exceeds $85,000 annually.
System cost: ~$12,000 (BIOFLEX MultiPort) | 5 patients/day × $45/session × 250 days = $56,250/year | Break-even: ~78 days. Most chiropractic practices using laser therapy as a standard adjunct modality break even within 3–4 months of deployment.
Beyond Direct Revenue: The Retention Factor
The revenue calculation above doesn't capture the full value. Laser therapy improves outcomes — and better outcomes mean better retention. A patient who sees meaningful improvement in their chronic condition becomes a multi-year client rather than a 4-visit customer. The lifetime value of a retained patient in chiropractic care is typically $1,500–$4,000+. Even converting a handful of acute patients into long-term maintenance clients more than justifies the equipment investment.
Differentiation Value
In markets with multiple chiropractic offices, laser therapy is increasingly a differentiator. Patients seeking care for conditions like peripheral neuropathy, disc herniation, or post-surgical recovery are actively searching for practices that offer more than manipulation alone. A well-merchandised laser therapy program — with before/after outcomes, patient testimonials, and targeted marketing — can drive new patient acquisition that dwarfs the direct treatment revenue.
Complementary Option: Red Light and Infrared Therapy for Chiropractic Offices
While professional laser systems like the BIOFLEX are the gold standard for clinical photobiomodulation, many chiropractic offices also incorporate broader-area red light and near-infrared panels as a complementary wellness service. These devices use LED-based (rather than coherent laser) light, which provides a different mechanism of delivery but shares some of the cellular benefits of PBM — particularly for superficial tissue, systemic inflammation reduction, and patient wellness programs.
Where a laser system treats specific structures with precision, a full-body or large-panel red/infrared device provides broad-area treatment — useful for patients with systemic inflammatory conditions, generalized myofascial pain, or as a warm-up protocol before adjustment. It's also a strong revenue generator in a wellness or membership model.
HealthLight Ultimate Body Kit
A comprehensive near-infrared and red light therapy system for full-body treatment. Designed for professional settings where broad-area photobiomodulation is needed — ideal for fibromyalgia, systemic inflammation, post-workout recovery, and circulation improvement. Used by chiropractic offices as a complement to clinical laser therapy.
The practical model many chiropractic offices use: the BIOFLEX for condition-specific clinical treatment (billed per session), and a HealthLight panel for wellness program memberships (flat monthly fee). This creates two distinct revenue streams from photobiomodulation — one clinical, one wellness — that together serve a broader patient base.
Frequently Asked Questions: Laser Therapy for Chiropractors
Do I need additional certification to use laser therapy as a chiropractor?
Requirements vary by state. Most states that regulate chiropractic scope of practice include physiotherapy modalities — which encompass laser therapy — within the chiropractic license. However, some states require specific modality certifications or continuing education hours. Check with your state chiropractic board before purchasing equipment. Many laser manufacturers also offer training programs that satisfy state requirements and are excellent for staff education.
How long does it take to see results with chiropractic laser therapy?
Most patients with acute musculoskeletal conditions notice improvement within 3–5 sessions. Subacute and chronic conditions typically respond over 6–10 sessions. Neurological conditions like peripheral neuropathy may require 10–15+ sessions before meaningful improvement, though many patients notice earlier changes in sensation. It's important to set appropriate expectations — laser therapy accelerates the body's healing process, it doesn't override it.
Can laser therapy be billed to insurance in a chiropractic office?
This depends heavily on your payer mix. Medicare currently does not cover laser therapy. Many commercial insurers cover physiotherapy modalities including laser under codes like 97026 (infrared treatment) or 97010. Cash-pay practices have the most flexibility. It's advisable to consult a chiropractic billing specialist before setting up your laser program to maximize reimbursement within your specific payer environment.
Is laser therapy safe to use around the spine?
Yes — Class IIIB therapeutic laser is safe for use over the spine with standard precautions. Contraindications include: active malignancy in the treatment area, use over the pregnant uterus, direct irradiation of the eye (protective eyewear is always required), and use over active hemorrhage. Thyroid tissue should be avoided with near-IR wavelengths. These are straightforward contraindications well within the scope of normal chiropractic intake screening.
How does laser therapy compare to ultrasound in a chiropractic setting?
Ultrasound primarily works through thermal and mechanical (cavitation) effects — it heats deep tissue and creates micro-vibration in cellular membranes. Therapeutic laser works through photochemical mechanisms — it changes cellular metabolism without heating tissue. The evidence base for laser is generally stronger for nerve-related conditions, disc injuries, and tendinopathies. Ultrasound has stronger evidence for some calcific tendinitis and certain scar tissue conditions. Many high-performing practices use both modalities, applying each where the evidence is strongest.
How many laser therapy patients can I see per day?
With a multi-probe system like the BIOFLEX MultiPort, typical treatment times run 15–25 minutes. If you have 1 technician managing the laser therapy room, 10–14 sessions per day is achievable with staggered scheduling. Many practices start with 5–8 sessions daily and scale from there. The multi-port design means you can treat a patient and set up the next simultaneously, significantly improving throughput compared to single-probe systems.
What's the difference between laser therapy and TENS in chiropractic care?
TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) uses electrical current to modulate pain signals at the nerve fiber level — it provides symptomatic relief but doesn't address the underlying tissue pathology. Therapeutic laser addresses the cellular environment of the tissue itself — reducing inflammation, stimulating repair, and improving local circulation. Laser therapy produces more durable changes; TENS provides faster immediate relief. Many practices use both: TENS for immediate patient comfort during acute care, laser for progressive tissue healing.
Continue Your Research
Clinical References
- Chow RT, et al. (2009). Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. The Lancet, 374(9705), 1897–1908.
- Bjordal JM, et al. (2008). A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 49(2), 107–116.
- Huang Z, et al. (2015). The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 17(360).
- Cotler HB, et al. (2015). The use of low level laser therapy (LLLT) for musculoskeletal pain. MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology, 2(5).
- Hamblin MR. (2016). Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy. Journal of Biophotonics, 9(11–12), 1122–1124.
- Enwemeka CS, et al. (2004). The efficacy of low-power lasers in tissue repair and pain control: a meta-analysis study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 22(4), 323–329.
Frequently Asked Questions
What laser therapy equipment do chiropractors use most often?
Chiropractors most commonly use Class IV therapeutic laser systems (10–30W) for high-throughput treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and Class IIIb LLLT devices for more precise, lower-power protocols. Popular systems in chiropractic settings include the BIOFLEX MultiPort, K-Laser Cube, and LiteCure LightForce series. The choice depends on practice volume, treatment philosophy, and budget.
How much does laser therapy equipment for chiropractors cost?
Entry-level Class IIIb systems start around $5,000–$10,000. Mid-range Class IV systems (10–15W) typically cost $15,000–$25,000. High-end multi-wavelength systems with advanced dosing software run $30,000–$60,000+. ROI calculations depend on patient volume — at $50–$100 per laser session, most systems pay back in 12–24 months in active practices.
What is the ROI of adding laser therapy equipment to a chiropractic practice?
Practices adding therapeutic laser typically see ROI within 12–18 months. A single Class IV system generating 5 laser sessions per day at $75 each produces $375/day or $90,000/year before overhead. Patient outcomes improve, retention increases, and laser therapy attracts referrals from medical providers. The equipment also differentiates the practice from competitors using only manual and decompression therapies.
What training is required to use laser therapy equipment as a chiropractor?
Most state boards permit licensed chiropractors to use therapeutic lasers within their scope of practice. Manufacturer training (typically 4–8 hours) covers protocols, safety, dosing, and contraindications. Additional certification through organizations like the North American Association for Light Therapy (NAALT) is available and recommended for advanced clinical application. Safety eyewear and staff training are mandatory OSHA requirements.
